I.Chidule cha Makampani ndi Kupita Patsogolo kwa Ukadaulo
Polyacrylamide (PAM), monga imodzi mwa mankhwala ofunikira kwambiri ochizira madzi, yapita patsogolo kwambiri pakupanga zatsopano zaukadaulo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito msika m'zaka zaposachedwa. Malinga ndi lipoti laposachedwa la kafukufuku wamsika, msika wapadziko lonse wa PAM udafika $4.58 biliyoni mu 2023 ndipo ukuyembekezeka kukula kufika $6.23 biliyoni pofika chaka cha 2028, ndi kukula kwa pachaka kwa 6.3%. Gawo lochizira madzi limawerengera oposa 65% ya ndalama zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimapangitsa kuti makampani akule.
1. Kupambana mu Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)
Mu 2023, gulu lofufuza kuchokera ku University of Science and Technology of China linafalitsa zomwe zapezeka mu *Nature Water*, ndikupanga bwino zinthu zatsopano za APAM zokhala ndi mawonekedwe a "nzeru". Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosindikiza mamolekyulu, mankhwalawa amatha kusintha mawonekedwe ake a mamolekyulu kutengera mitundu ya zinthu zodetsa m'madzi, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yochotsa ma ayoni achitsulo cholemera ndi 40%, makamaka yoyenera kuyeretsa madzi otayira m'migodi. Zambiri kuchokera ku projekiti yoyeretsa madzi otayira m'migodi ya mkuwa ku Jiangxi zidawonetsa kuti zinthuzi zidapeza 99.2% yochotsa ma ayoni a mkuwa pomwe zimachepetsa ndalama zotsukira ndi 35%.
Pa nthawi yomweyo, kampani ya ku Japan ya Mitsubishi Chemical inayambitsa makina a APAM osatentha kwambiri omwe amasunga magwiridwe antchito okhazikika pa 80-120°C, kuthana ndi mavuto aukadaulo pakukonza madzi otayira mafuta ndi gasi. Katunduyu adawonetsa magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri mu njira yokonzera madzi otayira mafuta ku Saudi Aramco, kufulumizitsa liwiro la kupanga floc ndi 50% ndikuchepetsa nthawi yokhazikika kufika pa magawo awiri mwa atatu a zinthu wamba.
2. Kukweza kwa Ukadaulo mu Cationic Polyacrylamide (CPAM)
Gawo lothandizira matope lakhala ndi kusintha kwakukulu. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2024, BASF ya ku Germany idayambitsa mankhwala atsopano a CPAM okhala ndi kulemera kwakukulu kwa mamolekyulu opitilira 20 miliyoni a Daltons. Kudzera muukadaulo wapadera wolumikizirana, mankhwalawa amapanga maukonde okhuthala kwambiri panthawi yochotsa matope, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chinyezi cha matope chikhale chochepera 58% pambuyo pochotsa madzi - kusintha kwa 10 peresenti poyerekeza ndi zinthu wamba. Pambuyo pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu, Paris Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant idakulitsa mphamvu yochotsera matope ndi 30% pomwe idachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi 15%.
Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri n'chakuti, kampani yogulitsa zinthu ku Netherlands inapanga biosynthetic CPAM pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa CRISPR wosintha majini. Yopangidwa kudzera mu *E. coli* fermentation yopangidwa mwaukadaulo, njirayi imapewa kugwiritsa ntchito acrylamide monomer, kuchepetsa poizoni wa zinthu ndi 90% ndikuchepetsa mpweya woipa wa carbon ndi 65% panthawi yopanga. Ngakhale kuti ndalama zomwe zilipo pakadali pano zikupitirira ~20% kuposa njira zopangira mankhwala, ubwino waukulu wopikisana ukuyembekezeka pakupanga zinthu pofika chaka cha 2026.
3. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kowonjezereka kwa Nonionic Polyacrylamide (NPAM)
NPAM ikuwonetsa ubwino wapadera pakukonza madzi mwapadera. Kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2023, Dow Chemical idayambitsa mndandanda wa NPAM womwe umasinthasintha pH womwe umasinthira zokha kufalikira kwa unyolo wa mamolekyu mkati mwa pH 2-12, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya nano-scale suspended solids ndi nthawi 3-5. Ukadaulo uwu wagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pokonzekera madzi oyera kwambiri kwa makampani opanga ma semiconductor, ndikukwaniritsa miyezo yamadzi ya 18.2 MΩ·cm.
Ofufuza aku South Korea adapanga NPAM yooneka bwino komanso yowola mwa kuyambitsa mayunitsi a azobenzene. Ma polima otsala amatha kuwola kukhala mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono mkati mwa maola 48 pansi pa kuwala kwachilengedwe, zomwe zimathetsa mavuto achikhalidwe a PAM. Ukadaulo uwu wayesedwa m'malo osankhidwa amadzi akumwa ku Seoul, ndipo akuyembekezeka kugulitsa pofika chaka cha 2025.
II. Kusintha kwa Msika ndi Zitukuko za M'madera
1. Kusintha kwa Msika Wapadziko Lonse
Dera la Asia-Pacific lakhala msika wa PAM womwe ukukula mofulumira kwambiri, womwe umapanga 46% ya zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi mu 2023, ndipo China yathandizira kukula kwakukulu. Deta yochokera ku China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation ikuwonetsa kuti kupanga kwa PAM ku China kunafika matani 920,000 mu 2023, ndipo zinthu zochokera kunja zikupitirira kukula kwa 15% pachaka—makamaka zinthu zapamwamba za CPAM, komwe kudalira kwambiri zinthu zochokera kunja kumakhalabe kokwera mpaka 40%.
Msika wa ku Ulaya ukuwonetsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Motsogozedwa ndi malamulo okhwima okhudza chilengedwe, zinthu za PAM zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka zinawonjezera gawo la msika kuchokera pa 8% mu 2020 kufika pa 22% mu 2023. Veolia wa ku France adalengeza mapulani osintha kwathunthu CPAM yachikhalidwe ndi njira zina zobiriwira pofika chaka cha 2026.
Msika wa ku North America, womwe ukuyendetsedwa ndi chitukuko cha mpweya wa shale, ukupitilizabe kufunikira kwakukulu kwa APAM. Kugula kwa PAM ku US kunakula ndi 18% mu 2023, ndipo 60% imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa mafuta ndi gasi. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, Mexico yakhala malo atsopano opangira zinthu, ndipo makampani ambiri apadziko lonse lapansi akukhazikitsa maziko opangira zinthu zakomweko.
2. Mitengo ndi Kusintha kwa Unyolo Wogulira
Kuyambira 2023 mpaka 2024, misika ya PAM inali ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu. Mitengo ya acrylamide monomer inakwera kwambiri mu kotala lachitatu la 2023 koma inabwerera pamlingo woyenera pofika kotala lachiwiri la 2024 pamene China inawonjezera mphamvu zatsopano zopangira. Komabe, mitengo ya cationic reagent DMC (methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) inapitiliza kukwera chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa propylene oxide yomwe inali pamwamba pake, zomwe zinawonjezera ndalama zopangira CPAM ndi 12-15%.
Ponena za maunyolo ogulitsa, atsogoleri amakampani adathandizira kuphatikizana kwa vertical. Solvay Group idayika ndalama zokwana €300 miliyoni m'malo atsopano opangira zinthu ku Belgium, zomwe zimalola kupanga zinthu zonse kuchokera ku acrylonitrile kupita ku zinthu zomaliza. Izi zikuyembekezeka kuyambitsidwa mu 2025, ndipo zichepetsa ndalama zonse ndi 20%. Makampani ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati adasinthira ku specialization - mwachitsanzo, Italmatch yaku Italy idayang'ana kwambiri pakupanga njira zapadera za APAM zochotsera mchere m'madzi a m'nyanja.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-09-2025