Polyurethane ndi chinthu chatsopano chofunikira kwambiri cha mankhwala. Chifukwa cha ntchito yake yabwino komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, imadziwika kuti ndi "pulasitiki yachisanu pakukula". Kuyambira mipando, zovala, mayendedwe, zomangamanga, masewera, ndi ndege komanso zomangamanga zachitetezo cha dziko, zinthu za polyurethane zomwe zimapezeka paliponse ndi zinthu zatsopano zoyimira mankhwala atsopano komanso chithandizo chofunikira ku dziko langa kuti limange dziko lamphamvu.
Pambuyo pa zaka zoposa 20 za chitukuko chachangu cha mafakitale a polyurethane, yawonetsa kusintha kuchokera ku kusintha kwa kuchuluka kupita ku khalidwe. Ukadaulo wopanga ndi mphamvu zopangira za isocyanate zakhala patsogolo padziko lonse lapansi. Yalowa munthawi yokwezedwa kwaukadaulo yomwe yalowa mu chitukuko chapamwamba. Pakadali pano, China yakhala malo akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi opangira zinthu zopangira polyurethane ndi zinthu, komanso dera lonse lodzaza kwambiri pantchito zogwiritsa ntchito polyurethane.
Monga chowonjezera chofunikira cha polyurethane, zinthu zokulitsa polyurethane ndi zinthu zomwe zimatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi zochita zamagulu zomwe zimachitika pa unyolo wa polima kuti zikulitse unyolo wa mamolekyulu ndikuwonjezera kulemera kwa mamolekyulu. Ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga zinthu zambiri za polyurethane. Pakupanga zinthu za polyurethane, zinthu zokulitsa polyurethane zimatha kuchita zinthu ziwiri: kukulitsa ndi kulumikizana kuti zikwaniritse kupanga zinthu za polyurethane zapamwamba kwambiri, monga kukulitsa kulimba, kusinthasintha, ndi kuchuluka kwa kung'ambika kwa zinthu za polyurethane, komanso kuchuluka kwa kung'ambika. Fiziki ndi mankhwala amagwira ntchito mokwanira polimbana ndi kutentha, kukana mafuta, kukana nyengo komanso kukana dzimbiri.
一, Udindo ndi gulu la wothandizira kukulitsa unyolo wa polyurethane
Chowonjezera cha polyurethane chimatanthauza mankhwala otsika a amine ndi mowa omwe ali ndi magulu awiri ogwira ntchito, omwe amatha kupanga polima wamtundu wa mzere kudzera mu njira yowonjezera ya unyolo. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zowonjezera unyolo, kapena kusintha njira yowonjezera unyolo, machitidwe a mankhwala amitundu yosiyanasiyana amakwaniritsidwa, ndipo zipangizo za polyurethane zomwe zimakhala ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana pakugwira ntchito zimapangidwa.
Udindo wa zinthu zokulitsa unyolo wa polyurethane mu kapangidwe ka polyurethane makamaka umaphatikizapo:
(1) Chowonjezera cha unyolo wa polyurethane chili ndi gulu lodziwika bwino (gulu la amino ndi hydroxyl) lomwe limatha kuchita machitidwe a mankhwala ndi isocyanate. Kulemera kwa mamolekyulu ndi momwe zimakhalira zamoyo zimatha kupangitsa dongosolo la polyurethane reaction kukula kapena kulimba mwachangu, ndikupanga mzere wokhala ndi kulemera kwakukulu kwa mamolekyulu. Mamolekyulu ali ndi magwiridwe antchito ofanana ndi a polima.
(2) Zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana za unyolo zimakhala ndi reactivity yosiyana. Pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zowonjezerera unyolo ndi mlingo, sinthani kukhuthala kwa reactor, mamolekyulu ndi kapangidwe ka mawonekedwe kuti zigwirizane ndi kupanga polyurethane ndi zinthu za machitidwe osiyanasiyana ndi zofunikira za khalidwe.
(3) Zopangira polyurethane zosiyanasiyana zimatha kupatsa polyurethane zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndipo magulu ena apadera m'mamolekyulu okulitsa unyolo amalowetsedwa mu unyolo waukulu wa polyurethane, zomwe zimakhudza momwe polyurethane imagwirira ntchito komanso momwe imagwirira ntchito, monga kukana mphamvu ndi kukana kupsinjika, kutopa koletsa kutentha, kukana nyengo, kukana mafuta, kukana dzimbiri, ndi zina zotero.
Zinthu zokulitsa polyurethane nthawi zambiri zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri: amine, mowa, ndi mowa. Kuchokera ku kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsera ntchito ndi kapangidwe ka magwiridwe antchito, dilate ndi diol zimadalira kwambiri njira yoyendetsera ntchito ndi kapangidwe ka magwiridwe antchito. Zinthu zokulitsa unyolo wamtundu wa dilate monga ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanol, ndi dihydramol imodzi, ndi zina zotero, zimakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito ochepa poyerekeza ndi zinthu za polyurethane, ndipo ndi zinthu zokulitsa unyolo wamba. Chinthu chokulitsa unyolo chomwe chimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pazinthu za polyurethane chimakhala m'magulu awiriwa: aromatic dihanramine ndi aromatic diol. Chimatchedwa chinthu chokulitsa unyolo chapamwamba. Chimadziwika ndi mphete yolimba ya benzene. Mphamvu, kukana kukwawa, kukana kwapakati ndi zina.
Chowonjezera cha aromatic diharamine sichimangokhala chowonjezera chofunikira kwambiri pazinthu zopangira polyurethane elastic. Chowonjezera chachikulu kwambiri, choyipa kwambiri, komanso chachikulu kwambiri chowonjezera unyolo wa polyurethane.
Mabomba opangidwa ndi polyurethane okhazikika nthawi zambiri amakhazikika pogwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri, zomwe ndi zinthu zopangidwa zisanakwane, kenako n’kuikidwa ndi zinthu zowonjezera unyolo kuti ziume. Kutengera mtundu wa isocyanate, zinthu zopangidwa kale zitha kugawidwa m’magulu a TDI ndi MDI. Poyerekeza ndi ziwirizi, ntchito ya TDI isanakwane ndi yochepa, ndipo imafanana kwambiri ndi zinthu zowonjezera unyolo wa amine zomwe zimagwira ntchito kwambiri; ntchito ya MDI isanakwane ndi yambiri, ndipo chinthu chowonjezera unyolo chochokera ku hydroxy chomwe chili ndi chisindikizo chotsika cha hydroxyl. Malinga ndi zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito ndi magwiridwe antchito a chinthucho, ndikofunikira kwambiri kusankha chinthu choyenera chowonjezera unyolo mutasankha mtundu wa isocyanate.
Mitundu ya zinthu zokulitsa unyolo wa polyurethane zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino komanso makhalidwe ake
2.1 Wothandizira wamkulu wa kukulitsa unyolo wa dihan amine
Chifukwa cha ntchito yake yabwino kwambiri komanso khalidwe lake labwino kwambiri, chofukizira cha dihamine chonunkhira bwino ndicho chofukizira cha unyolo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zinthu zotanuka za polyurethane.
Mankhwala owonjezera a aromatic dianramine omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi awa: 3, 3′-dichlori-4, 4′-diodes (MOCA: mtundu I, mtundu Ⅱ, kukana kutentha kwambiri, ndi zina zotero), 1,3-propylene glycol Double (4-amino benzoate) (740m), 4,4′-sub-base-double (3-chlorine-2,6-diecene aniline) (M-CDEA), polyphamorethyl ether Diol two-pair aminbenzoate (P-1000, P-650, P-250, ndi zina zotero), 3,5-two ethylene torneramine (DETDA, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti E-100), 3,5-diracle Sulfenylene (DMTDA, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti E-300) ndi zinthu zina.
Chidule cha makhalidwe ogwiritsira ntchito ndi chitukuko cha zinthu zazikulu ndi izi:
Wothandizira kukulitsa unyolo wa MOCA ndiye wothandizira woyamba kwambiri pantchito yokulitsa unyolo wamphamvu kwambiri yemwe adayika ndalama zambiri popanga mafakitale mdziko langa. Ndi wolimba kutentha kwa chipinda. Uli ndi mawonekedwe a zinthu za polyurethane zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pankhani ya chitetezo ndi kusavuta, zomwe zimatha kukwaniritsa mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Kutanuka kwa polyurethanes ndi kwamphamvu kwambiri, kolimba kwambiri, kosavala kwambiri, kukana mwamphamvu, kukana dzimbiri ndi zinthu zina zambiri. Imatha kupanga zinthu zazikulu. Ndi ntchito yonse ya zinthu zokulitsa zonunkhira. Kuyambira pomwe DuPont idakhazikitsidwa m'ma 1950, MOCA yakhala ndi udindo wofunikira kwambiri pankhani ya kulimba kwa polyurethane. Pakadali pano ndiye wothandizira wamkulu kwambiri wa polyurethane. Ndi wofunikira kwambiri pankhani yothira polyurethane elasticity. Pakadali pano, opanga odziwika bwino a MOCA ku China ndi awa: Suzhou Xiangyuan New Materials Co., Ltd. (kampani ya Jiangsu Xiangyuan Chemical Company), Huaibei Xingguang New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Shandong Chongshun New Material Technology Co., Ltd. Hua Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (yomwe kale inali Binhai Mingsheng Chemical Co., Ltd.), Chizhou Tianci High-tech Materials Co., Ltd., kuphatikiza apo, pali Taiwan Shuangbang Industrial Co., Ltd., Taiwan Sanhuang Co., Ltd., ndi Katshan Kohshan Perfect Industry Co., Ltd.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, motsogozedwa ndi makampani aku China, ukadaulo wopanga wa MOCA wapita patsogolo kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Xiangyuan New Materials yathetsa vuto la thanzi la antchito, kuipitsa kwakukulu, komanso kusakhazikika kwa kupanga kwa hydrogenation ya hydrogenation ya hydrogenation ya hydrogenation. Njira yopitilirayi imalimbikitsa hydrogenation ya hydrogen ya ma acoustics oyera kwambiri komanso njira zopangira MOCA, kuzindikira automation, kutsekedwa kwathunthu, kupanga kobiriwira, kuzindikira zosungunulira, zopanda fumbi, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu komanso kusakhala ndi mpweya woipa. Chipangizo chopangira MOCA chopitilira chakhala chopanga zinthu chodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi chothandizira kukulitsa unyolo wa polyurethane.
Kuphatikiza apo, Xiangyuan New Materials idapanganso zida zowonjezera za Xylink740M ndi Xylink P, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zinthuzi zipite patsogolo kwambiri, zomwe zidalimbikitsa opanga zinthu za polyurethane kuti azikweza khalidwe, kuchepetsa ndalama, komanso kukulitsa ntchito.
2.2 Chothandizira chachikulu cha aromatic diol dilateral expansion
Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri powonjezera kuchuluka kwa aromatic diol ndi monga phenyl-phenolic hydroxyxyl-based ether (HQEE), interciphenylbenols, hydroxyl ether (HER), ndi hydroxyethyl-based phenolic pyrodhenol mixture (HQEE-L), Hydroxyethylhhexybenol mixture (HER-L), ndi zina zotero, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu za polyurethane za MDI process systems, zomwe sizimayambitsa poizoni komanso kuipitsa. Chidule cha makhalidwe ogwiritsira ntchito ndi chitukuko cha zinthu zazikulu ndi izi:
Chowonjezera cha unyolo wa HQEE ndi chowonjezera cha molekyulu chofanana ndi aromatic diol. Ndi tinthu tolimba, topanda poizoni, topanda kuipitsa, komanso tokwiyitsa. Chimagwirizana bwino ndi MDI ndipo chimatha kukulitsa moyo wa chinthucho. Xiangyuan New Materials yapanga zinthu zowonjezera za unyolo wa HQEE, HER, Xylink HQEE-L, Xylinkher-L. Ubwino wake ndi wapamwamba kuposa zinthu zofanana kunyumba ndi kunja, ndipo zinthu zimagulitsidwa kunyumba ndi kunja.
2.3 Zina zokulitsa unyolo wa aromatic zomwe zili ndi ntchito yapadera
Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa minda yatsopano ya polyurethane, zida zatsopano zokulitsa polyurethane ndi ukadaulo wogwiritsira ntchito zakhala zikukwezedwa nthawi zonse kuti zikwaniritse kufunikira kwa msika wa polyurethane. Makampani opanga zinthu apanga zida zosiyanasiyana zokulitsa unyolo wapadera.
Tianmen Winterine (DMD230) ndi unyolo wokulirapo wokhala ndi ma amino awiri opanda ma amino, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera zokutira zopanda solvent kapena zolimba kwambiri. Poyerekeza ndi ma polyette wamba opopera, mankhwalawa ali ndi yankho labwino, magwiridwe antchito abwino, magwiridwe antchito abwino, komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri. Ali ndi kuwala kwabwino komanso zotsatira zake zooneka bwino ndi ma polycoges pokonzekera mafuta a chloride polycisotripocyanate, kusinthasintha kwabwino komanso mawonekedwe amakanika, kusintha kwachikasu kosagonja kwachikasu, kukana dzimbiri kwabwino, kukana nyengo, komanso chitetezo cha nthawi yayitali. Kuphatikiza pa milatho, ma tunnel, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya pansi ndi zizindikiro za pamsewu, ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pazinthu zapamwamba monga zokutira zoteteza ndi zokutira za chikopa cha helikopita zopangidwa ndi masamba amagetsi amphepo. Kupanga ndi kutsatsa kwa mankhwalawa m'mafakitale kudzathandiza kukulitsa bwino zokutira.
Kufalikira (311) kwa aromatic diharamine ndi sodium chloride compounds (311) ndi mtundu wa aromatic diharamine ndi inorganic salts. Ikhoza kufananizidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya polyurethane pre-polystants kutentha kwa chipinda. Ndi yoyenera makamaka mawonekedwe ovuta kapena akuluakulu. Zinthu za m'deralo, microwave vulcanization, ndi zina zomwe zimafuna nthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito, zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati chothandizira kuchiritsa epoxy resin. Zinthu zofanana ndi izi zikuphatikizapo Caytur 31DA ku United States, Xylink 311, Xiangyuan New Materials.
Mankhwala ena ochiritsira madzi a m'madzi monga oxidazole, ketone amine, ndi zina zotero amatha kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa utoto kapena zinthu zina kuti zipange thovu pakati pa kuchiritsira, ndipo lilinso ndi malo oti lipangidwe.
三、Mkhalidwe wa chitukuko cha othandizira kukulitsa unyolo wa polyurethane
Makampani opanga polyurethane mdziko langa ali ndi maziko ofooka a chitukuko. Poyamba, msika wokulitsa unyolo wa polyurethane m'dziko lathu wakhala ukulamulidwa ndi makampani apadziko lonse lapansi. Kuyambira pomwe idalowa m'zaka za m'ma 1900, gulu la makampani opanga unyolo wa polyurethane akumaloko omwe akuimiridwa ndi Xiangyuan New Materials apambana kuswa unyolo wakunja pambuyo pa zaka zambiri za kafukufuku ndi chitukuko ndi ukadaulo. Zina mwa zinthu zopangira unyolo wa polyurethane mdziko langa zafika pamlingo wa zinthu zofanana zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Monga chowonjezera chachikulu cha amine polyurethane, njira yopangira ya MOCA ndi yokhwima, yokhazikika, yocheperako, komanso yoyenera poyankha. Pankhani yothira thupi losalala m'magwiritsidwe ntchito otsika, makamaka dongosolo la TDI, zinthu zambiri za polyurethane zasonkhanitsa mitundu yambiri ya mafomula okhwima a zinthu za polyurethane. Fomula yokhwima ya Essence ndi magwiridwe antchito a MOCA zayesedwa pambuyo pa zaka zambiri pamsika ndi machitidwe a makasitomala. Mtengo wake ndi wokwera. Pambuyo pa zaka zambiri zogwiritsidwa ntchito, chotchinga china cha njira chapangidwa. Chili ndi gawo losasinthika, ndipo gawo logwiritsira ntchito likukulirakulira nthawi zonse.
Bungwe la European Chemical Administration, monga bungwe lomwe limayang'anira satifiketi ya EU Reach, linatulutsa lipoti pa Novembala 30, 2017. Pambuyo poyerekeza zoopsa zachitetezo, magwiridwe antchito, ndi mitengo, linapereka lingaliro lakuti pankhani ya polyurethane elastic body, ubwino wa MOCA pa malonda ake, kugwira ntchito bwino kwa mtengo wake, ndi ubwino wina uliwonse ndi wabwino kwambiri, ndipo pakadali pano palibe njira zina zomwe zingachitike.
Makampani opanga polyurethane aku China anayamba mochedwa. Poyamba, chifukwa cha ukadaulo wotsika wopanga, zinthu zopangira zochepa zothandizira, komanso luso losakwanira la R & D, msika wokulitsa unyolo wa polyurethane wamkati wakhala ukulamulidwa ndi mabizinesi apadziko lonse lapansi. Mpaka zaka za m'ma 1990, opanga angapo opanga unyolo wa polyurethane m'nyumba adapambana kuswa ma monopolies aukadaulo wakunja pambuyo pa zaka zambiri za R & D ndi kusonkhanitsa ukadaulo, ndipo magwiridwe antchito a zinthu zina zopangira unyolo wa polyurethane adafika pamlingo wazinthu zofanana zapadziko lonse lapansi. Makamaka, zipangizo zatsopano za Xiangyuan zatsogolera popanga chipangizo chopangira MOCA chopitilira cha matani 10,000. Ubwino wa malonda ndi mulingo waukadaulo wafika pamlingo wapamwamba komanso wotsogola padziko lonse lapansi. Pakadali pano, opanga MOCA am'nyumba akwanitsa kukwaniritsa zofunikira za ionamine yaulere. MOCA yopyapyala ndi MOCA yosintha chikasu yotentha kwambiri muzinthu zamtundu wa MOCA zimakondedwa ndi makampani opanga polyurethane.
"Dongosolo la Zaka Khumi ndi Ziwiri la" Dongosolo la Zaka Khumi ndi Ziwiri la Zaka Zisanu "la makampani opanga polyurethane likupereka lingaliro lakuti kuwonjezera pa kukulitsa kukula kwa kupanga kwa MOCA yokulitsa unyolo wapamwamba, kukwezedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu zatsopano zokulitsa unyolo MCDEA, E-100, HER, HQEE ndi zinthu zina kuyenera kuwonjezeredwa. Kutengera zinthu zamtundu wa MOCA, ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa zinthu za polyurethane ndi zinthu, zinthu zina zatsopano zokulitsa unyolo zawonekeranso, zomwe zimapanga mawonekedwe osiyana ndi zinthu za MOCA.
Ndi kusintha kosalekeza kwa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo, zinthu zatsopano za mankhwala owonjezera unyolo wa aromatic omwe amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ali ndi ubwino wapadera pakuyankha mwachangu, kukana kutentha kwambiri, kugwira ntchito, chitetezo ndi kuteteza chilengedwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwakula pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawo kukupitirira kukula. Mwachitsanzo, P-1000, P650, P250, 740M, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake obiriwira, osamalira chilengedwe, komanso osawononga chilengedwe, pang'onopang'ono adatsegula msika wogwiritsira ntchito m'magawo angapo. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ndi chitukuko ndi kukula kwa dongosolo la MDI losamalira chilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala owonjezera aromatic diol omwe amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri monga HQEE ndi HER omwe amagwirizana bwino komanso ogwirizana ndi dongosolo la MDI kwawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti polyurethane ikhale yolimba kwambiri. Machitidwe apadera monga kukana kutentha ndi mphamvu ya misozi. Kuphatikiza pa kupanga zinthu zothira, imathanso kupanga zinthu zolimbitsa thupi za thermoplastic elastomic zomwe zingathandize kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa kutentha, zomwe zingachepetse kupsinjika kwa kutentha. M'madera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito omwe ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu za polyurethane m'maiko otukuka komanso zinthu zina za polyurethane, mankhwala owonjezera unyolo monga 740m, HQEE, HER akukulirakulira. Wothandizira watsopano wokulitsa unyolo ali ndi ubwino wosiyana pakugawa magawo enaake, ndipo malire aukadaulo ndi okwera kwambiri. Pakadali pano, msika wakunyumba ukadali mu gawo lokwezera kugwiritsa ntchito.
Kapangidwe ka chitukuko cha makampani okulitsa unyolo wa polyurethane
Makampani opanga polyurethane ku North America ndi Western Europe asonkhanitsa zaka zambiri za chitukuko. Makampaniwa ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zaukadaulo mumakampaniwa, ndipo msika ndi wokhwima. Nthawi yomweyo, ogula m'madera awa ali ndi zofunikira zapamwamba pakuchita bwino kwa zinthu za polyurethane, ndipo kufunikira kwa zinthu zatsopano zowonjezera unyolo kuli mwachangu kuposa MOCA. Pakadali pano, mayiko otukuka monga Europe ndi United States ndi omwe ali ndi gawo lalikulu la kufunikira kwa zinthu zatsopano zowonjezera unyolo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri polyurethane m'chigawo cha Asia-Pacific ndi mayiko ena omwe akutukuka kumene kukukhala chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimapangitsa kuti polyurethane ifunike padziko lonse lapansi. Pakati pawo, dera la Asia-Pacific ndilo kale msika waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wa ogula polyurethane, womwe uli ndi pafupifupi 48% ya gawo la msika wapadziko lonse; mayiko ena omwe akutukuka kumene monga India, Brazil, Mexico, ndi ena, kufunikira kwa polyurethane m'nyumba, zipangizo zomangira, mipando yapakhomo ndi mafakitale ena kukukulirakuliranso. Komabe, poyerekeza ndi mayiko otukuka ku Europe ndi United States, madera ena m'maderawa akadali pachiyambi cha mafakitale. Amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mitengo ya zinthu zopangira mumakampani a polyurethane ndipo amasamala kwambiri za mtengo ndi magwiridwe antchito a ndalama. M'tsogolomu, mtsogolomu, dera lino lidzapitirizabe kufunikira kwakukulu kwa ma MOCA okwera mtengo.
Pakadali pano, makampani akuluakulu apadziko lonse lapansi okulitsa polyurethane, monga Kazaka Kagosan Perfect Industry Co., Ltd., United States Air Chemical (kugulitsidwa kwa Winchuang mu 2016), ndi United States Coco (yomwe idagulidwa ndi Langsheng mu 2017), ndi zina zotero, adalamulira dziko lonse lapansi. Gawo lalikulu la msika wa othandizira kukulitsa unyolo, makampani ena ang'onoang'ono omwe alibe kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka kafukufuku wamakampani - yunivesite - lachotsedwa chifukwa cha mtundu wa malonda ndi mtengo, ndipo kuchuluka kwa makampani okulitsa unyolo kwawonjezeka kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, makampani akuluakulu amadaliranso mphamvu yayikulu yachuma komanso maziko ofufuza ndi chitukuko kuti akulitse zipangizo zopangira akatswiri komanso kukula kwa kupanga zinthu, ndikukhazikitsa malo opangira zinthu zazikulu padziko lonse lapansi komanso malo ogulitsa ndi kafukufuku ndi chitukuko m'malo omwe ali ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri, misika, ndi mikhalidwe yantchito.
5. Momwe zinthu zilili panopa komanso momwe zinthu zilili pakukula kwa zinthu zowonjezerera polyurethane
Monga chowonjezera chofunikira pa zinthu za polyurethane, zinthu zowonjezera polyurethane zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu CASE system (kuphatikizapo zokutira, zomatira, zomatira ndi zotanuka) mu zinthu za polyurethane. Pakati pawo, polyurethane elastic body ndi polymer synthetic material pakati pa rabara ndi pulasitiki. Ili ndi kulimba kwakukulu kwa rabara komanso kuuma kwakukulu komanso mphamvu yayikulu ya pulasitiki. Nthawi 5 mpaka 10), ili ndi mbiri ya "mfumu ya rabara yosatha" ndipo ili ndi mphamvu yabwino yamakina, kukana mafuta, kukana mankhwala, kukana kusinthasintha komanso kukana kutentha kochepa komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri. Kuphatikiza pa mtundu wamba wothira ndi thermoplastic polyurethane elastic body, polyurethane elastic body material imaphatikizanso zomatira, zokutira, zomatira, zipangizo zopaka paving, sole, chikopa chopangidwa, ulusi, ndi zina zotero zomwe zimakhala zinthu za polyurethane elastic. Ndi kusintha kosalekeza kwaukadaulo, polyurethane elasticity yasinthidwa mu rabara, mapulasitiki, ndi zitsulo m'magawo osiyanasiyana monga magalimoto, migodi, kusindikiza, zida, kukonza makina, masewera, ndi mayendedwe.
Malinga ndi ziwerengero zochokera ku mabungwe oyenerera, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa polyurethane CASE yaku China (thupi losalala, zokutira, chikopa chopangidwa, kusindikiza ndi zomatira) mu 2021 kunali matani 7.77 miliyoni, ndipo kuchuluka kwapakati pachaka kwa 11.5% mu 2016-2021 kunali 11.5%.
Kutanuka kwa polyurethane yaku China mu 2016 kunali matani 925,000, ndipo zokolola mu 2021 zinafika matani 1.5 miliyoni, ndi kuchuluka kwa kukula kwa pachaka kwa 10.2%; kuchuluka kwapakati pa kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito pachaka kunali 12.5%. Akuti pofika chaka cha 2025, mphamvu ya polyurethane elastic body output ya dziko langa idzafika matani 2.059 miliyoni, zomwe zipitilizabe kukula mofulumira.
Padziko lonse lapansi, kutulutsa kwa polyurethane elastomer padziko lonse lapansi kunafika matani 2.52 miliyoni mu 2016 ndi matani 3.539 miliyoni mu 2021, ndi kukula kwa pachaka kwa 7.0%. Pofika chaka cha 2025, kupanga polyurethane elastomer padziko lonse lapansi kukuyembekezeka kufika matani 4.495 miliyoni, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti chitukuko chikuyenda mofulumira komanso mosalekeza.
Elastomer ya polyurethane (TPU) ya thermoplastic ili ndi mphamvu yolimba kwambiri. Mphamvu yake yolimba ndi yayitali, yayitali, yolimba mafuta, yolimba kutentha pang'ono, yolimba nyengo, komanso yolimba ya ozone ndi yodziwika bwino, ndipo kuuma kwake kuli kwakukulu. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kugwiritsa ntchito TPU pamsika kwakula kuchokera kumakampani opanga nsapato kupita kumisika yapamwamba monga mankhwala, ndege, ndi kuteteza chilengedwe. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kuyambira 2014 mpaka 2021, kuchuluka kwapakati pachaka kwa TPU ku China kunali kokwera kufika pa 14.5%. Mu 2021, TPU yopangidwa mdziko langa inali pafupifupi matani 645,000. Dziko langa lakhala dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lopanga TPU. Kuchuluka kwa zotulutsa ndi kutumiza kunja kwawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono m'zaka zaposachedwa.
Malinga ndi kufunika kwa zinthu, msika wapadziko lonse wa TPU uli ku Europe, United States, ndi madera a Asia-Pacific. Pakati pawo, dera la Asia lotsogozedwa ndi China ndilo msika wachangu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pakugwiritsa ntchito TPU. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za Komiti Yapadera ya Elastic ya China Polyurethane Industry Association, kugwiritsidwa ntchito konse kwa zinthu za polyurethane mdziko langa mu 2018 kunafika matani 11.3 miliyoni, pomwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa polyurethane elastomers (TPU+CPU) kunali pafupifupi matani 1.1 miliyoni%.
TPU ikadali imodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zikukula mwachangu mu polyurethane posachedwa. Dziko langa lakhala dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi la ogula TPU. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kuchuluka kwapakati pachaka kwa TPU ku China mu 2017-2021 kunali kokwera kufika pa 12.9%, komwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito konse mu 2021 kunali matani 602,000, kuwonjezeka kwa 11.6% pachaka. Kutengera kutulutsa kwa TPU padziko lonse lapansi kwa matani 1.09 miliyoni mu 2021, kugwiritsa ntchito TPU kunyumba kwadutsa theka la dziko lapansi. M'tsogolomu, zosowa za nsapato, filimu, mapaipi, ndi mawaya zidzakhala zolimba kwambiri. Pankhani ya zida zamankhwala, mawaya a chingwe, ndi filimu, idzalowa m'malo mwa zipangizo zachikhalidwe za PVC. Zikuoneka kuti idzalowa m'malo mwa EVA m'munda wa nsapato. Zikuyembekezeka kuti TPU idzakhalabe 10 mtsogolomu 10 10 % Kapena kukula kochulukirapo. Akuyembekezeka kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kudzafika matani pafupifupi 900,000 pofika chaka cha 2026.
Ndi kukula pang'onopang'ono kwa kukula kwa kupanga, mtengo wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi polyurethane elastic ndi wotsika, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi yosiyanasiyana, kufunikira kwa msika kwakula, ndipo chitukuko cha mafakitale chikufulumira. Mu nthawi ya "Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu ndi Zinayi", makampani a Case ayenera kulimbikitsa mwamphamvu chitukuko cha zinthu motsatira madzi, zosungunulira, komanso zolemera kwambiri; kuwonjezera chitukuko cha CASE ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo wopanga wa kapangidwe ka zinthu zoyambira, kuyang'ana kwambiri pa Polyfonus Application ya polytianmen water-to-pyrodramine; kuyang'ana kwambiri pakuchita kafukufuku woyambira wa chiphunzitso ndi ukadaulo wozikidwa pamadzi; kukonza magwiridwe antchito azinthu, kupanga zinthu zatsopano, kukulitsa gawo logwiritsira ntchito, ndikulimbikitsa kumanga zomangamanga zatsopano mumayendedwe a sitima, msewu waukulu, ngalande ya mlatho, kutumiza mphamvu, ndi zina zotero. Ndi kugwiritsa ntchito gawo lachipatala; kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zaukadaulo wa polyurethane zomatira kuti zisawonongeke formaldehyde kuti ziwonjezere mbale zopangira; kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zogwira ntchito, komanso zamtengo wapatali zowonjezera ammonia; kulimbitsa kafukufuku ndi ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka zinthu zosalowa madzi za polyurethane, magwiridwe antchito, nthawi yolimba; Kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za polyurethane m'nyumba zokonzedwa kale.
Mayendedwe akuluakulu a chitukuko cha munda wa elastomer ndi awa:
Ma elastomer a polyurethane a magalimoto. Makampani opanga magalimoto amakono akupita patsogolo kuti agwire bwino ntchito, akhale apamwamba, opepuka, omasuka komanso otetezeka. Zipangizo zopangira mphira ndi pulasitiki pang'onopang'ono zikulowa m'malo mwa zitsulo, zomwe zimatsegula mwayi waukulu wogwiritsa ntchito ma elastomer a polyurethane.
Ma elastomer a polyurethane omangira. Zinthu zosalowa madzi zomwe zimakhala ngati phula lachikhalidwe lasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi zinthu zosalowa madzi za polyurethane zomangira zolimba komanso zomangira; Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yamasewera ya polyurethane kukuchulukirachulukira. Malo olumikizirana a milatho ikuluikulu, malo ogona sitima yapamtunda yothamanga, msewu wa pa eyapoti ndi caulking ya msewu waukulu amapangidwanso pang'onopang'ono ndi elastomer ya PVC yolimba kutentha kwa chipinda.
Elastomer ya polyurethane yogwiritsidwa ntchito mu migodi. Pali kufunika kwakukulu kwa zinthu zopanda chitsulo zomwe sizimawonongeka kwambiri, zimakhala zolimba komanso zotanuka m'migodi ya malasha, zitsulo ndi migodi yopanda chitsulo.
Elastomer ya polyurethane ya nsapato. Kutanuka kwa ester ya polychloride kuli ndi ubwino wa kugwira ntchito bwino kwa buffering, kulemera kopepuka, kukana kuvala, kukana kutsetsereka, ndi zina zotero, kwakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chothandizira mumakampani opanga nsapato.
Elastomer ya polyurethane yogwiritsidwa ntchito kuchipatala. Kugwirizana bwino kwa thupi, kugwirizana kwa magazi komanso kusakhala ndi zowonjezera ndi zifukwa zofunika kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo za TPU ndi CPU m'zachipatala. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake m'zachipatala ndi thanzi n'kofala kwambiri.
Pepala latsopano la polyurethane composite. Ukadaulo wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi polyurethane ukuyembekezeka kubweretsa nthawi yatsopano yogulitsa ma elastomer a polyurethane.
Kukula kwa makampani opanga unyolo wa polyurethane "Ndondomeko ya Zaka Zisanu ya 14"
Kuchokera pamalingaliro apadziko lonse lapansi, chitukuko chachangu cha gawo lomanga, makampani opanga magalimoto, zida zamagetsi zamagetsi, mphamvu zatsopano ndi mafakitale oteteza chilengedwe kwapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi polyurethane. Makampani akuluakulu a polyurethane padziko lonse lapansi akupitiliza kupanga ukadaulo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo apitiliza kulimbikitsa chitukuko ndi kupanga zinthu zatsopano za polyurethane. Ndi kukula kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi polyurethane m'munda ndi kukula kwa msika wapansi, kufunikira kosiyanasiyana kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi polyurethane kudzalimbikitsa luso lopitilira komanso chitukuko cha zinthu zopangidwa ndi polyurethane chain agents.
M'zaka 10 zikubwerazi, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangidwa ndi polyurethane m'malo ena apadera kudzakulanso mofulumira. Akatswiri amakampani akufufuza kuti kufunikira kwa polyurethane padziko lonse lapansi kudzawonjezeka ndi 4.5% pachaka. Pakati pawo, kuchuluka kwapakati pa kufunikira kwa polyurethane pachaka kukuyerekeza kukhala 5.7% m'magawo osungiramo zinthu zoziziritsa kukhosi, nsapato, nsalu, zosangalatsa ndi zina. Kufunika kwa zinthuzo kwawonjezeka pang'ono, ndipo kukuyembekezeka kukhala pafupifupi 3.3% pachaka. Mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene m'chigawo cha Asia-Pacific athandizidwa ndi ukadaulo watsopano kuti awonjezere ntchito zawo, ndipo kufunikira kwa polyurethane kudzafika pamlingo wokwera kawiri pachaka.
Monga zinthu zofunika kwambiri pamakampani opanga polyurethane, makampani opanga polyurethane m'dziko langa ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mosasinthasintha lingaliro latsopano la chitukuko. Pansipa, mutu wolimbikitsa chitukuko chapamwamba chamakampani opanga polyurethane, ndi chitsogozo cholimbikitsa makampani opanga polyurethane kuti afulumizitse kumanga njira yatsopano yopangira "dual-cycle", kuyang'ana kwambiri pakusintha kobiriwira, kaboni wochepa, ndi digito. , Kufulumizitsa kumanga makina amakono amakampani, kulimbikitsa "zofooka" zazinthu zapamwamba, "kutenga ukadaulo wapamwamba", "kutsegula msewu watsopano" muzinthu zachikhalidwe, ndikulimbikitsa dziko langa kuti lisinthe kuchoka pa polyurethane kupita kudziko lolimba.
Pakadali pano, polyurethane chain extender yakhala imodzi mwa zipangizo zofunika kwambiri zopangira polyurethane pa ntchito zazikulu za zomangamanga za dziko. Makampani opanga polyurethane chain extender akuwonjezera ndalama zatsopano, zomwe zikupita patsogolo poteteza chilengedwe, kuchita bwino kwambiri komanso kukhala ndi khalidwe labwino. Poganizira zosowa za ndege, chidziwitso chamagetsi, mphamvu zatsopano, magalimoto, sitima yapamtunda, mayendedwe a sitima, misewu ikuluikulu, milatho ikuluikulu, chisamaliro chaumoyo ndi chitetezo cha dziko, kusintha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zatsopano zaukadaulo wa polyurethane chain extender zikufulumizitsidwa kuti ziwongolere kukula kwa makampani opanga polyurethane.
Cholinga cha chitukuko cha makampani opanga zinthu zokulitsa unyolo wa polyurethane ndikupanga zinthu zapamwamba komanso zobiriwira zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino poteteza chilengedwe. Sikuti ndizoyera komanso zopanda kuipitsa chilengedwe pokhapokha popanga zinthu, komanso zotetezeka komanso zobiriwira pogwiritsira ntchito njira yolimbikitsira njira yobiriwira yopangira zinthu za polyurethane. Chachiwiri, kukulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zokulitsa unyolo zomwe zilipo, kuti chowonjezera chaukadaulo chomwe chilipo chikhale ndi mphamvu zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito. Mlingo waukadaulo wa makampani ena opanga zinthu zokulitsa unyolo wa polyurethane m'nyumba ndi wofanana ndi wa makampani ambiri, koma kafukufuku wowonjezera wofunikira ukufunika kuti ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri azindikire kupambana kwa zinthuzo, makamaka kulimbikitsa zinthu zamadzimadzi zonunkhiritsa za diamine ndi ntchito yabwino komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yogwirizana ya chowonjezera unyolo kuti asunge mphamvu ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi mtengo. Chachitatu ndikupititsa patsogolo kupanga zinthu zatsopano malinga ndi kufunikira kwa msika, kupereka zinthu zoyenera komanso zapamwamba kwambiri kumakampani opanga zinthu za polyurethane, kukwaniritsa zosowa za msika wapansi ndikukulitsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito.
Pazinthu zopukutira za polyurethane, chowonjezera unyolo ndi chinthu chofunikira komanso chofunikira kwambiri chokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu komanso mtengo wowonjezera, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukweza magwiridwe antchito azinthu. Kuphatikiza apo, muzinthu zina za polyurethane komanso ngakhale mapulasitiki a thovu, chowonjezera unyolo wa polyurethane chimakhudza bwino magwiridwe antchito azinthu. Mumakampani opanga unyolo wa polyurethane, msika wa polyurethane chain extender ndi waukulu kwambiri. Pofuna kulimbikitsa ndikutsogolera chitukuko chapamwamba chamakampani opanga polyurethane, ndikofunikira kulimbitsa kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito ndi kukwezedwa kwa chowonjezera unyolo wa polyurethane, ndikupanga mitundu yabwino komanso yambiri ya chowonjezera unyolo wa polyurethane pansi pa maziko osamala zaumoyo, kusunga mphamvu, chitetezo ndi kuteteza chilengedwe komanso magwiridwe antchito azinthu, kuti apereke zambiri pa moyo wabwino wa anthu.
Nthawi yotumizira: Feb-08-2023